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Technology stack

Generation Solar PV

Power (GW)

CAPEX (€/kW)

Lifetime (years)

Fixed OPEX (€/kW/year)

Var OPEX (c/kWh)

Generation Onshore wind

Power (GW)

CAPEX (€/kW)

Lifetime (years)

Fixed OPEX (€/kW/year)

Var OPEX (c/kWh)

Generation Offshore wind

Power (GW)

CAPEX (€/kW)

Lifetime (years)

Fixed OPEX (€/kW/year)

Var OPEX (c/kWh)

Generation / Storage Hydro

Power (GW)

CAPEX (€/kW)

Lifetime (years)

Fixed OPEX (€/kW/year)

Var OPEX (c/kWh)

Storage duration (h)

Storage energy cap (GWh)

Storage η (%)

Hydro follows historical generation per installed capacity. Pumped storage is modeled separately.

Storage Battery

Energy cap (GWh)

CAPEX energy (€/kWh)

Lifetime (years)

Fixed OPEX (€/kWh/year)

Var OPEX (c/kWh)

Round-trip η (%)

Duration (h)

SOC min (%)

SOC max (%)

Synthesis Electrolyzer

Electrolyzer power (GW)

CAPEX (€/kW)

Lifetime (years)

Fixed OPEX (€/kW/year)

Var OPEX (c/kWh in)

η (el → H₂ LHV) (%)

Battery-draw SOC ≥ (%)

Storage H₂

Import (TWh / year)

Price (c/kWh th)

Initial level (%)

Storage fill (months)

CO₂ factor (t/MWh th)

Storage Biogas

Supply (TWh / year)

Premium over NG (c/kWh th)

Initial level (%)

Storage fill (months)

CO₂ factor (t/MWh th)

Storage Natural gas

Import (TWh / year)

Price (c/kWh th)

Initial level (%)

Storage fill (months)

CO₂ factor (t/MWh th)

Upstream CH₄ leak (%)

CH₄ GWP horizon

Generation Gas turbines

Installed power (GW)

CAPEX (€/kW)

Lifetime (years)

Fixed OPEX (€/kW/year)

Var OPEX (c/kWh el)

Efficiency (%)

Fuel order

Removal CCS

Power (GW)

CAPEX (€/kW)

Lifetime (years)

Fixed OPEX (€/kW/year)

Var OPEX (c/kWh el)

Efficiency hit (%)

CO₂ capture (%)

T&S cost (€/tCO₂)

Removal OAE

Capacity (Mt / year)

OPEX (€/t)

Generation Nuclear

Power (GW)

CAPEX (€/kW)

Lifetime (years)

Fixed OPEX (€/kW/year)

Var OPEX (c/kWh)

Uptime (%)

Minimum load (%)

Generation Coal

Power (GW)

CAPEX (€/kW)

Lifetime (years)

Fixed OPEX (€/kW/year)

Var OPEX (c/kWh)

Fuel price (c/kWh th)

Efficiency (%)

CO₂ (t/MWh th)

Demand

EVs (million)

EV use (kWh / 100 km)

Heat pumps (million households)

HP electricity (kWh / m² / year)

Costs

Discount rate (WACC, %)

CO₂ price (€/tCO₂)

Blackout cost (€/kWh)

Data & assumptions

Load, observed generation and annual hydro capacity: Bundesnetzagentur | SMARD.de, CC BY 4.0. Renewable potential: Netztransparenz via Fraunhofer ISE Energy-Charts. Solar/wind capacities and PV self-consumption estimates: Energy-Charts.

Renewable output is scaled by historical installed capacity. Hydro uses observed non-pumped generation as an availability estimate, including historical operating constraints. Estimated PV self-consumption is added to both solar output and demand. Historical household battery operation remains in demand, so modeled storage can overstate flexibility.

Simulation uses 15-minute intervals. Before October 2025, hourly renewable potential is reconstructed using observed quarter-hour generation while preserving each hour's energy. These estimates limit precise blackout predictions.